Juliet Rose

A rose by any other name might smell as sweet, but would it fetch as high a price-tag? This bloom is very rare in the modern world and back in 2006 one grower sold his bloom for a staggering $15.8 million (c. £10 million) after harvesting it for as long as 15 years.

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Chrysanthemum

Chrysanthemums sometimes called mums or chrysanths, are flowering plants of the genusChrysanthemum in the family Asteraceae. They are native to East Asia and northeastern Europe. Most species originate from East Asia and the center of diversity is in China. Countless horticultural varieties and cultivars exist.

Chrysanthemumswere first cultivated in China as a flowering herb as far back as the 15th century BC. Over 500 cultivars had been recorded by 1630. By the year 2014 it was estimated that there are now over 20,000 cultivars in the world and about 7,000 cultivars in China. The plant is renowned as one of the Four Gentlemen in Chinese and East Asian Art. The plant is particularly significant during the Double Ninth Festival.

Chrysanthemum cultivation began in Japan during the Nara and Heian periods (early 8th to late 12th centuries), and gained popularity in the Edo period (early 17th to late 19th century). Many flower shapes, colours, and varieties were created. The way the flowers were grown and shaped also developed, and chrysanthemum culture flourished. The Imperial Seal of Japan is a chrysanthemum and the institution of the monarchy is also called the Chrysanthemum Throne. A number of festivals and shows take place throughout Japan in autumn when the flowers bloom. Chrysanthemum Day ( Kiku no Sekku) is one of the five ancient sacred festivals. It is celebrated on the 9th day of the 9th month. It was started in 910, when the imperial court held its first chrysanthemum show.

Chrysanthemums entered American horticulture in 1798 when Colonel John Stevens imported a cultivated variety known as 'Dark Purple' from England. The introduction was part of an effort to grow attractions within Elysian Fields in Hoboken, New Jersey.

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Bee fingerprints

The insects secrete invisible markers when they touch their feet on a surface, which can be detected by themselves and other bumblebees.

Researchers from the University of Bristol, in the UK, found that bees can distinguish between their own scent, the scent of a relative and that of a stranger.

This ability can be used to improve their success at finding good sources of food and avoiding flowers that have already been visited and mined of nutrients.

Bee fingerprints

“Bumblebees secrete a substance whenever they touch their feet to a surface, much like us leaving fingerprints on whatever we touch,” says the lead author, Richard Pearce. “Marks of this invisible substance can be detected by themselves and other bumblebees, and are referred to as scent-marks.”

“We performed three separate experiments with bumblebees, where they were repeatedly exposed to rewarding and unrewarding flowers simultaneously that had footprints from different bees attached to them.”

In the study, each flower type carried scent-marks from bumblebees – either from them, sisters from their nest, or strangers from another nest.

The bees were able to distinguish between these four flower types, showing that bees can tell marks of their own nests from strangers but also can discriminate between the smell of their own footprints and those of their nestmate sisters.

“This is the first time it has been shown that bumblebees can tell the difference between their scent and the scent of their family members,” Pearce says. “This ability could help them to remember which flowers they have visited recently.”

“Bumblebees are flexible learners and, as we have discovered, can detect whether or not it is they or a different bumblebee that has visited a flower recently,” he says. “These impressive abilities allow them to be cleverer in their search for food, which will help them to be more successful.”

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Olive Trees

Olive Trees

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Though not a traditional flower, no list of religious plants would be complete without the olive tree. From ancient times until today, olive branches have long been a symbol of peace and victory throughout much of the world. The tree also holds special significance to each of the three Abrahamic religions. Muslims associate olive trees with Paradise, and it is said that Muhammad anointed himself with olive oil so often that his prayer shawl became saturated with it. In Christianity, some traditions hold that Jesus was crucified on a cross made of olive wood, and archaeologists have found crucifixion nails that had slivers of olive wood still attached.  For Jews, olive trees represent peace, prosperity, beauty and God’s relationship with His people. Olive oil was used for many things in ancient Israel, from cooking to anointing kings, and olive branches still appear on the Israeli emblem today in honor of that history.

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Poinsettias

Poinsettias

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Poinsettias are associated in the West almost solely with Christmas. They are everywhere around the holiday. Unsurprisingly, this flower has quite a bit of symbolism. The star shape of the flowers is said to represent the Star of Bethlehem, and the red petals stand for Jesus’ blood. Legend has it that a young girl in Mexico was once sad that she could not afford a present to bring to the celebration of the Nativity of Jesus. As she was walking along, an angel inspired her to pick a handful of weed flowers from the side of the road. She took them with her, and when she laid them in front of the nativity, the weeds turned into a red poinsettia bush. Given that the flower is associated with the celebration of Christ’s birth, it is ironic that the plant is actually poisonous. This is why houses with small children often do not display poinsettias. The bright red flowers and unusually textured petals might prove to be too tempting for curious youngsters to resist.

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Pansy

The black pansy is such a dark purple that it looks almost completely black. Other varieties have colorful petals with a black spot close to the middle of the flower. These little flowers are hardy and brilliant at brightening up any garden (depending on which color you get). The black pansy is also said to attract love to one who carries it.

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